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ABSTRACT

Background:
Parents often visit health facilities with concerns regarding their child’s bowel function. Data on bowel habits from healthy children is important in establishing what is normal and what is not. Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are common and while infant colic (IC) and infant dyschezia (ID) occur during the first year of life, functional constipation (FC) can occur at any age. Prevalence data is scarce and longitudinal studies are rare. In cases of severe FC an anorectal manometry is often carried out to exclude Hirschsprung’s disease. Over the last few years high-resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) has been introduced, but normative data in infants is still scarce. The use of transabdominal ultrasound to measure transverse rectal diameter (TRD) in order to diagnose and evaluate treatment of FC in children is increasing. However, its diagnostic value is unclear and normative age-related data for healthy children and children with FC, are lacking.

Aim:
The aim is to describe bowel habits and the prevalence of IC, ID and FC in a cohort of healthy full-term infants, from birth and during the first years of life. Another aim is to identify risk factors for developing FC. Finally, we aim to present HRAM data on infants as well as data on the TRD of infants gathered using transabdominal ultrasound.

Material and method:
Infants from a maternity ward in Gothenburg were included in this prospective observational study. Questionnaires regarding bowel habits and the presence of IC, ID or FC were answered by parents on many occasions, when their children were at different ages. HRAM was undertaken at 2 and 6 months of age and transabdominal ultrasound was undertaken at 2 and 12 months. FC was treated if diagnosed and follow-ups were carried out.

Result and conclusion:
Between 2014 and 2019, 122 infants were included in the study. Bowel habits, changes during the first years of life and the prevalence of IC, ID and FC in the cohort are presented. Normative values in HRAM investigations are given at the ages of 2 and 6 months in children with and without an FGID. Normative data on rectal diameter for infants aged 2 and 12 months, with and without FC, were collected. Changes in bowel habits, from birth up to 2.5 years of age, as well as prevalence, risk factors and long-term outcome of childhood FC, are also presented.