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Module 1: Research questions, research design, and research ethics

Qualitative research questions and design

• Bryman, Alan. (2016). *Social research methods*. Oxford University Press (chapter 1). Available on Canvas.
• Gerring, John. (2017). “Qualitative methods”. Annual Review of Political 91̽��, 20, 15-36.
• Kuckartz, Udo. (2014). “Analysing qualitative data – but how?” Kuckartz, Udo. Qualitative text analysis: A guide to methods, practice & using software (pp. 1-14). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Available on Canvas.

Approaches to science

• Fox, Nick J. (2008) “Post-positivism”. In: Given, L.M. (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopaedia of Qualitative Research Methods. London: Sage. Available on Canvas.
• Hammersley, Martyn. (2019). “From Positivism to Post-Positivism: Progress or Digression?” Teoria Polityki, (3), 175-188.

Comparative case study design

• Geddes, Barbara. “How the Cases You Choose Affect the Answers You Get.” Political Analysis 2 (1990): 131-149.

• Gerring, John. “The Case Study: What It is and What It Does,” in Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. 901-22. Available on Canvas.

• Slater, Dan and Daniel Ziblatt. “The Enduring Indispensability of Controlled Comparison.” Comparative Political Studies 46.10 (2013): 1301-1327. Other relevant readings: 

• Lieberman, Evan. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political 91̽�� Review 99.3 (2005): 435-52.

• Lijphart, Arend. “The Comparable Cases Strategy in Comparative Research.” *C*omparative Political Studies (July 1975): 158-177.

• Seawright, Jason and John Gerring. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research.” Political Research Quarterly 61.2 (June 2008): 294-308.

• Ziblatt, Daniel. “Of Course Generalize, But How? Returning to Middle Range Theory in Comparative Politics.” American Political 91̽�� Association-Comparative Politics Newsletter 17.2 (2006): 8-11. *Process tracing*

• Beach, Derek. 2017. “Process Tracing Methods in Social 91̽��.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• Collier, David. “Understanding Process Tracing.” PS: Political 91̽�� and Politics 44.4 (October 2011): 823-30.

• Tilly, Charles. “To Explain Political Processes.” American Journal of Sociology (1995): 1594-1610.

• Trampusch, Christine, and Palier, Bruno. 2017. Between X and Y: How Process Tracing Contributes to Opening the Black Box of Causality,��New Political Economy, 21 (5): 437-454.

Research Ethics

• Wolff-Michael Roth & Hella von Unger (2018). “Current Perspectives on Research Ethics in Qualitative Research”. Volume Forum Qualitative Research,��19(3): Art. 33, url: ��2.
• Dilmi Aluwihare-Samaranayake (2012). “Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and Researchers’ World from a Critical Standpoint”. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 11(2): 64-81, url:

Module 2: Data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Interviews

• Magnusson, Eva and Jeanne Marecek (2015): *Doing Interview-based Qualitative Research*: A Learner’s Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available on GUNDA. Chapters 1, 3-8, and 12
• Lilleker, Darren G. (2003). “Interviewing the Political Elite: Navigating a Potential Minefield”. Politics,��23(3), 207-214.

Observations

• Miller, C. (2022). “‘Ethno, Ethno, What?’: Using Ethnography to Explore the European Parliament’s Political Groups in Turbulent Times”. In European Parliament’s Political Groups in Turbulent Times (pp. 245-266). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Berthet, Valentine, Gaweda, Barbara, Kantola, Johanna, Miller, Cherry, Ahrens, Petra, & Elomäki, Anna. (2023). Guide to Qualitative Research in Parliaments: Experiences and Practices. Palgrave Macmillian

Typology analysis

• Aronovitch, Hillard. (2012). “Interpreting Weber’s ideal-types”. Philosophy of the Social 91̽��s, 42(3), 356-369.
• Collier, David, Jody LaPorte, and Jason Seawright. (2008). “Typologies: Forming Concepts and Creating Categorical Variables”. In Janet Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. New York: Oxford University Press. Pdf available on Canvas.
• Friberg-Fernros, Henrik (2023). “Addressing the Ideational Turn: How the Resources of Qualitative Content Analysis and Idea Analysis Can Together Strengthen the Study of Ideas”. Under review. Available on Canvas.

Discourse analysis

• Jörgensen and Phillips, 2002,Ch 2: “Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory” in Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. New York: Sage. Available on Canvas.
• Neumann, Iver. 2008. “Discourse Analysis” in Klotz and Prakash (eds.),��Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. Basingstorke: Palgrave. Available on Canvas.
• Holzberg, Billy., Kolbe, Kristina, & Zaborowski, Rafal. (2018). “Figures of Crisis: The Delineation of (Un)Deserving Refugees in the German Media”. Sociology, 52(3), 534-550.
• Said, Edward. 'Introduction' (pp. 1-16) in Orientalism. Pdf available on canvas.