Reconstruction of ecological quality status in Hakefjorden by using benthic foraminiferal diversity and shell geochemistry
This is a suggestion for a Degree Project for Bachelor's and Master's levels at the Department of Marine 91̽»¨s. Degree projects at the Department of Marine 91̽»¨s are done independently and must be written and assessed individually.
Subject: Interdisciplinary, chemistry & geology
Project level: (MSc, 45 or 60 hp)
Supervisors: Karin Mattsson, Irina P. Asteman
Introduction
Sediment cores will be taken outside Stenungsund, a city on the Swedish west coast where Sweden’s largest producers of plastic pellets are located.
There are two industries, one producing PE and most likely PP pellets and one that is producing PVC pellets. The production of PE started in 1963 with an increase in production since then. At the moment they produce around 0.75 million tons of PE pellets corresponding to 5% of the European market. Calculated emissions of PE pellets are between 3 and 36 million pellets annually. There have been some changes in the environmental regulations regarding their allowed emissions.
The PVC particles are a bit smaller in size. The industry has been in the area since 1968, however, exactly when they started to produce PVC at this site is not clear. They produce around 0.23 MTons of PVC pellets.
Methods
Sampling sediment cores
Sediment cores will be collected with a Gemini corer at 3-5 different strategical points in the Hakefjord outside Stenungsund.
Slicing and dating the cores
For micro- and nanosplastic analysis, 3-4 sediment cores will be taken per sampling site and will be sliced into 1-2 cm sampling resolution. The individual slices will be pooled together until we have a volume of 150 mL of sediment per core interval.
For radiometric dating, an additional sediment core will be taken and analyzed for 210Pb and 226Ra to establish the age model. By linking amount of micro- and nanosplastics in the sediment to temporal development, it will be possible to track the emission of plastic pellets since the production started.
By looking at changes of Ecological Quality Status in the fjord with help of benthic foraminifera in the dated sediment core we will be able to answer the question if there is an ecological effect of microplastic pollution on fjord communities.
Foraminifera
For benthic foraminifera sediment will be wet-sieved on 63um and 1000um sieves, dried at 50°C and dry picked for benthic foraminifera. Changes in species composition and foraminiferal biotic indices (Shannon, Exp(Hbc), ES100, Foram-AMBI) will be assessed downcore.
Agglutinated species will be investigated (with Raman) if there is an incorporation of micro- and nanosplastics in the matrix of foraminiferal shells and what kind of plastics are those. For this we will use sediment cores used for dating. In addition to foraminifera, sediment core will be analyzed for heavy metals and total organic carbon.
Expected outcome
The thesis will answer the following research questions:
- How did ecological status of the fjord change over time following industrial development in the area?
- Do foraminifera accumulate microplastics in their shell matrix and whether there are any changes in accumulation over time?
- Can change in species composition be linked to microplastic pollution or other pollutants (metals and TOC)?
91̽»¨
Karin Mattsson,
Researcher, Marine Chemistry
Email: karin.mattson@gu.se
Irina P. Asteman,
Senior Lecturer, Marine Geology
Email: irina.polovodova@marine.gu.se
References
K. Mattsson, E. Ekstrand, M. Granberg, M. Hassellov, K. Magnusson, Comparison of pre-treatment methods and heavy density liquids to optimize microplastic extraction from natural marine sediments. Sci Rep 12, 15459 (2022).